Civilisations Introduction


For 5,000 years gold has been appreciated, not just for its beauty, often associated with the blaze of the sun by early civilisations, but for the ease with which it could be worked into ornaments, even by primitive craftsmen. Those ornaments were not just a symbol of wealth and power for the living, but also were often buried to accompany men and women into the Afterlife. Since gold is so durable, they have survived to provide us with a unique record of ancient civilisations, especially when the gold was cast as flowers or animals or embossed or engraved with scenes of hunting or fighting; a way of life captured not in a painting or a photograph, but in gold.

This section describes not only 12 major civilisations that made significant contributions to the goldsmiths' art, but lists nearly fifty museums in twenty countries that have either collections of gold artefacts from one or more of these civilisations or are currently mounting special exhibitions on gold. Our gold library/history and gold library/jewellery sections also list many books about these civilisations and the gold they produced.

The main civilisations are:


  • Sumer, in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) 2800 - 2370 BC

  • Egypt, Middle & New Kingdoms, 2133 - 1085 BC

  • Minoan, Crete, 2000 - 1450 BC

  • Mycenæ, Greece, 1600 - 1100 BC

  • The Etruscans, Italy, 700 - 300 BC

  • The Romans, Italy, 300 BC - 400 AD

  • Byzantine Empire, Turkey, 330 - 1453

  • Medieval World, Western Europe, 500 - 1400

  • The Renaissance, Italy 1400 - 1600

  • Renaissance Goldsmiths, Italy, 1500 - 1600

  • Pre-Columbian, Central & South America, 1200 BC - 1450 AD

  • Asante, Africa pre-1500 - 1900 AD

    Among museums, some of the best collections are in: British Museum, London; Louvre, Paris; Hermitage, St Petersburg; Metropolitan Museum, New York; National Archeological Museum, Athens; Egyptian Museum, Cairo; Museo del Oro, Bogota; Museo del Oro, Costa Rica.